Stream of Consciousness in Heart of Darkness Free Essay Example, 1000 words

In Heart of Darkness, the novelist uses a stream of consciousness to articulate the angle of an extremely key character in the script, Charlie Marlow. Marlow evokes memories of a time when he was excited to depart on a journey to conquer a vast land, which he designates as one with a meandering stream that runs from the interior regions to asea to which it eventually delivers its waters. He then defines how his aunt guaranteed that he would get the job of a skipper of a steamboat. In the monologue, he analyzes his entire thought process before he set sail to the have a firsthand feel of the snake . The stream of consciousness, pertaining to this particular individual, takes on the shape of a recollection of his experiences of the past life. The device is also used to encourage the progressive qualities of various characters. Referencing on what he has gone through, Marlow expresses his uncertainties about this sort of invasions in general. He asserts The conquest of the earth, w hich mostly means taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much .We will write a custom essay sample on Stream of Consciousness in Heart of Darkness or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This kind of reflection was uncommon at the time. One can, therefore, safely conclude that stream of consciousness enables one to bring out the positive character traits in individuals. A stream of consciousness enables a fragmented structure in writing, in which the chronology is often interrupted.

Double Discrimination Exposed in The Color Purple Essay

African-American people have had to mount over many obstacles to get their standing today.nbsp; First was the selling of their people into slavery.nbsp; Then, they endured slavery itself, being treated like animals.nbsp; After slavery was abolished, colored people still had to deal with racial discrimination, demoralization, subjugation and hatred, especially colored women.nbsp; Black women have had to face unbelievable odds at obtaining self-assurance. nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;African-American woman have had to deal with being black and female, a double-edged sword.nbsp; In her novel, The Color Purple, author Alice Walker introduces southern black female characters that not only faced slavery, but sexism, racism and†¦show more content†¦nbsp; The novel opens with an opening letter where we discover that Celie, the main character, was savagely raped by her father.nbsp; Such a bold beginning lets us know that Celies life is anything but ordinary.nbsp; The sanctity of the family unit, so important to the American way of life, is destroyed.nbsp; The shocking details of rape as Celie writes, are sad but a factual everyday occurrence.nbsp; Celie understands that as a black woman she is seen as worthless, having a meaningless existence.nbsp; There is no other way of life.nbsp; It is as if all black women are enslaved to the typical hell of exploitation, bigotry, and abuse.nbsp; The female characters are molded from pain and sacrifice.nbsp; As the novel progresses, the reader gets to follow Celie as she offered to a widower with four children.nbsp; The widower hesitates in getting Cellie, but after some encouragement and a cow, he agrees.nbsp; Implication here is that women are nothing but cattle and worthless.nbsp;n bsp; nbsp; The black male in the novel is depicted as cruel, brutal and evil.nbsp; He lives in a world where white man rules.nbsp; The pressures of being a man of little worth in such a world seems to be taken out on the black female.nbsp; Women are the scapegoats for all their vented frustration.nbsp; Harriet Jacobs in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl represents this fate suffered by black women, when she states: nbsp; nbsp;Show MoreRelatedThe Cell Carcinoma ( Mcc )1110 Words   |  5 Pageslater renamed as Merkel cells. 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Business Communication Intercultural Communication Process

Question: Describe about the Business Communication for Intercultural Communication Process. Answer: Introduction This report has aimed to the concept of business communication. As per the case study, it has been stated that being a human resource consultant of Fatnemup Pty Ltd, it is required to focus on the following criteria. The human resource consultant has tried to prepare effective organisational document in order to develop the good interpersonal skills as well as intercultural communication. The intercultural communication helps to construct the significant oral presentations. As a result, an effective organisational culture can be developed (Drury-Grogan Russ 2013). Moreover, the advantage of the communication skills such as interpersonal communication skills and the intercultural communication skills has been discussed. On the other hand, all he staffs, who are belonging from the sales as well as administration areas would be benefitted. In this connection, this study is beneficial to understand advantage of the overall concept of business communication (Fall et al. 2013). Analysis Development of interpersonal skills: According to Fall et al. (2013), interpersonal skills is the exchange of thoughts among the two or more than two people. It is necessary to develop in the baby formula manufacturing company like Fatnemup Pty Ltd to construct or to enhance the knowledge and the practice. In case of the interpersonal skills, messages are needed to send and receive. Therefore, in this relation, Guffey Loewy (2012) mentioned that when the message senders as well as the message receivers simultaneously understand the messages, then it is assumed as the successful communication skills. There are several types of interpersonal skills such as verbal communication, non-verbal communication, listening skills, and negotiations and the problem solving, decision-making skills etc. Advantages of interpersonal skills: During the training session, the human resource consultant tried to represent the benefits of the interpersonal communication skills, which will reflect the employees in the areas of sales and the administration and they can flourish themselves. In addition, they can effectively communicate with the customers, who are willing to purchase the baby formula and the sales of the mentioned company can increase. In order to discuss the benefits of verbal communication skills, Hooker (2012) identified that a person is looking for the delivery of the important messages compared to the oral communication. It also saves the time with the help of the quick delivered messages. Therefore, it has been recognised that it is difficult to identify the messages, which are received through mail and letters. Therefore, oral messages are more favourable and relevant to communicate with the customers as stated by Kankaanranta Lu (2013). As a result, the subject matter can be delivered more appropriately. In addition, in case of verbal communication, it seemed to easier to use the body language in order to deliver the information. Therefore, the human resource consultant tried to build up the flow of the verbal communication skills of the employees. On the other hand, in the words of Mai Hoffmann (2014), non verbal communication skill is helpful for the staffs of the organisation that they can represent the relevant information to the consumers through the audio and the visual communication. This type of communication skill is very helpful for the illiterate people, who depend upon the facial expressions, proximity, and eye contact of the employees of the company (Meredith 2012). Moreover, in case of the deaf consumers of the baby food manufacturing company, the workers can represent the necessary information regarding the manufacturing products to the buyers with the help of the movements of hands, fingers or the movement of the eyeballs etc. Figure 1: Advantage of the listening communication skill (Source: Meredith 2012) The necessity of the listening communication skill can be discussed as the it enhances the sales of the products of a specific company significantly. Without the good listener, the workers and the administrators would not be able to identify the customers requirements. Moreover, they also would not be capable to answer the buyers queries. After the listening, the administration or the workers can clearly represent the business objectives towards the consumers. Therefore, in this connection, Moreno Sznajder (2013) opined to become a good listener, the company require to take a proper training in this regards. Without actual training, the workers as well as the administrators cannot train themselves properly. Moreover, to become a good listener, the human resource consultant has mentioned that there are three important components, which can effectively enhance the efficiency and the productivity level. As a result, the business will be successful as well. These three components are li stening orientation, reflective procedure and the questioning skills. On the other hand, as per the statement of Ruppert Green (2012), active listening communication skill is helpful to the managers of the organisation to gain deeper information, can motivate and encourage the other employees as well as can construct the open working relationship. Figure 2: Active listening (Source: Sigmar, Hynes Hill 2012) At first, the listener acquires the information as active listening motivates the speakers to talk in the greater depth. The factors of the listening orientation improve the reflective listening procedure. Lastly, listening communication skill implement the motivational energy. As a result, the team member will admit the new avenues for the functional activities (Toth 2013). Intercultural communication skill: Intercultural communication skills are necessary for the communication to the people, who are belonging from the different socio cultural groups. As it can be observed that there are many Chinese consumers of the organisation, therefore, it is necessary to provide training on the intercultural communication skill to the employees as well as to the administrators. In this connection, Waldeck et al. (2012) puts that intercultural communication skill is also necessary to identify and understand the several cultures along with the several customs, social needs of the different groups. As a result, it is necessary to recognise the history as well as the standard of living of these different social groups or communities (Sigmar, Hynes Hill 2012). Advantages of the intercultural communication skills: Intercultural communication skill has been highlighted the avoidance of the misunderstanding. This type of training is beneficial to identify the communication impact with the consumers. As a result, the productivity and the efficiency level can be increased. This has a positive reflection on the overall sales of the baby manufacturing products of the company. In this purpose, Ruppert Green (2012) mentioned that ideal negotiation with the consumers is helpful to enhance the performance of business. In the broader sense, intercultural communication skill leads to remove the cultural barriers as well (Sigmar, Hynes Hill 2012). This in turn improves the intercultural collaboration requirements to evaluate the global business. In addition, the cross cultural connections can also be increased. According to Moreno Sznajder (2013), with the intercultural communications skills, the cultural theme of the business can be enhanced and also can be developed. On the other hand, group dynamics directly influence the sales procedure. The globalisation will be occurred. As a result, in case of globalisation, it is necessary to make an adjustment with the regional business cultures and the markets, and these are required to be reliable and successful (Mai Hoffmann 2014). In case of the intercultural training period, the human resource consultant required to aim to the objective of the skill. If Fatnemup Pty Ltd. has recruited new employees, then they are required to give proper training in order to adapt with the culture of the other and different communities (Moreno Sznajder 2013). In addition, the human resource consultant also needs to focus that these new workers can communicate with their Chinese clients appropriately. On the other hand, the human resource consultant requires to teach the technical skills to the staffs, that the team is able to understand the fundamental focus of several cultures both in written words and in non verbal words (Guffey Loewy 2012). Conclusion This study has highlighted the business communication skill. In this respect, a baby food manufacturing company namely Fetnemup Pty Ltd. has been considered. A human resource consultant needs to provide a training regarding the development of business communication. The training has been given to the staffs and the administration in order to communicate with the clients of the company ideally. This study is helpful to discuss the function of the verbal, non-verbal and the listening communication skills. On the other, in order to communicate with the Chinese clients, it is necessary to take the training of the development of intercultural communication skills. In addition, the benefits of learning of interpersonal skills and the intercultural communication skills have been discussed. Recommendation In order to enhance the business performance and the sales of the business, the human resource consultant of Fatnemup Pty Ltd. has tried to train the staffs and the administrators the interpersonal as well as the intercultural communication skills. Moreover, the human resource consultant can give training on presentation skills. This will also very effective communication skill, which can improve the sales of the company. An ideal presentation can represent the features of the products to the clients. References Drury-Grogan, M. L., Russ, T. L. (2013). A contemporary simulation infused in the business communication curriculum: A case study.Business Communication Quarterly. Fall, L. T., Kelly, S., MacDonald, P., Primm, C., Holmes, W. (2013). Intercultural communication apprehension and emotional intelligence in higher education: Preparing business students for career success.Business Communication Quarterly. Guffey, M. E., Loewy, D. (2012).Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Hooker, J. (2012). 19 Cultural Differences in Business Communication.The handbook of intercultural discourse and communication,29, 389. Kankaanranta, A., Lu, W. (2013). The evolution of English as the business lingua franca signs of convergence in Chinese and Finnish professional communication.Journal of Business and Technical Communication,27(3), 288-307. Mai, R., Hoffmann, S. (2014). Accents in business communication: An integrative model and propositions for future research.Journal of Consumer Psychology,24(1), 137-158. Meredith, M. J. (2012). Strategic communication and social media an mba course from a business communication perspective.Business Communication Quarterly,75(1), 89-95. Moreno, R. G., Sznajder, H. S. (2013). Business communication across three European cultures: A contrastive analysis of British, Spanish and Polish email writing.Ibrica: Revista de la Asociacin Europea de Lenguas para Fines Especficos (AELFE), (26), 77-98. Ruppert, B., Green, D. A. (2012). Practicing What We Teach Credibility and Alignment in the Business Communication Classroom.Business Communication Quarterly,75(1), 29-44. Sigmar, L. S., Hynes, G. E., Hill, K. L. (2012). Strategies for teaching social and emotional intelligence in business communication.Business Communication Quarterly,75(3), 301-317. Toth, C. (2013). Revisiting a Genre Teaching Infographics in Business and Professional Communication Courses.Business Communication Quarterly,76(4), 446-457. Waldeck, J., Durante, C., Helmuth, B., Marcia, B. (2012). Communication in a changing world: Contemporary perspectives on business communication competence.Journal of Education for Business,87(4), 230-240.

reservation blues Essay Example For Students

reservation blues Essay Gloria Bird realizes that for generations Native Americans have had drinking problems, and she also realizes that it is difficult for native writers to accurately represent our communities without exploiting them.(G. Bird) However, Bird criticizes Alexie of embellishing or exaggerating the Native Americans despair. Alexie cannot ignore the alcohol situation when describing Native American culture, but Alexie does not need to make alcoholism a common trait amongst almost every Indian on the reservation and other reservations. Birds statement concerning Alexies embellishment of Native American despair due to alcoholism is an accurate interpretation of Reservation Blues. In Reservation Blues, almost every Native American is an alcoholic. Two of the main characters, Victor and Junior, spend all of their money on booze and get wasted on a regular basis. After the tavern had closed, Junior and Victor climbed into the water truck and passed out.(p.24) It is reasonable for there to be a few drunks, but Alexie introduces or makes references to too many Indians who either lost everything or their lives because of alcohol. When Thomas father Samuel is introduced he is drunk, and Alexie explains that this is normal, for Thomashad lost count of the number of times hed saved his father Once, a month, he bailed his father out of jail for drunk and disorderly behavior.(p.95) Even though Thomas didnt drink, he was always around drunks for even his father was a drunk. Even Thomas mother drank for most of her adult life. Chess asked Thomas if his mother drink when she was alive, and Thomas responded with She did. Bu she quit. She was sober when she died.(p.118) Thomas goes on to say that she quit because of an incident during a New Years Eve party. Dad got real drunk, kicked everybody out, and then took all the furniture out on the front lawn, and burned it.(p.118) Alexie does not just mention that Samuel is a drunk; he goes further to say that Samuel was an extremely talented ba sketball player, but alcohol caused Samuel to throw his basketball future away. Even when Samuel was a young man he was drinking, when the tribal cop, Wilson, asked Samuel and Lester, You two been drinking?(p.102) Lester responds with Ive been drinking since I was fiveKindergarten is hard on a man.(p.102) Lester is another secondary character that is introduced who happens to be a drunk, for that is how he got his name Lester FallsApart. Lester FallsApart, the most accomplished drunk on the Spokane Reservation,(p.151) However, It could be worse for Thomas, because both Victors and Juniors fathers were not just drunks but were also dead. In Reservation Blues, not much information is given about Victors parents; there are only references to the death of Victors father in Arizona and the simple fact that his mother is dead. The reason his father died in Arizona is that he could not bear any longer to live on the Spokane Reservation after what he did. One night he got drunk and accidentally set the house on fire and not everyone could be saved. Juniors parents didnt just come home drunk; once even they drove to the tavern with their children in the backseats. They would then go in the tavern for hours drinking while their children were still in the car. Finally, Juniors parents were at a party, and on their ride home they got in a car wreck and died. Alcoholism was not just a Spokane problem; it was part of every Native Americans life, because even the Native Americans that werent drunks themselves had either a close relative or a close friend that was a drunk. Chess and Checkers were Flathead Indians, and though they w ere not alcoholics their father was. Hed come home all drunk and screaming. Be talking about how he was a radio man during World War II.(p.119) Chess and Checkers father was neither old enough nor of the right tribe to have been in World War II. .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 , .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 .postImageUrl , .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 , .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2:hover , .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2:visited , .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2:active { border:0!important; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2:active , .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2 .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u72672b55b9476b03b3ab4048d94cd9a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Clinton period EssayIt is understandable that Native Americans would have a higher percentage of Alcoholics than other Americans because that has been the trend for generations. It would be wrong for Alexie to avoid the subject, because alcohol plays a major role on reservations

The Effect of the Prospero-Caliban Relationship on Dehumanization in Colonialism free essay sample

In The Tempest, Shakespeare makes the reader feel sorry for Caliban and resentful of Prospero. Even before Caliban appears on the stage, he is portrayed by Prospero as being a deformed and bestial being. Prospero creates this through his mistreatment of Caliban and his protrayal of Caliban as an animal. However, Shakespeare does give Caliban a voice. Everytime Prospero attempts to suppress him, Caliban is always able to fight back with arguments. One thing that Caliban and Prospero share in common is that others have exercised authority over them; Antonio over Prospero and Prospero over Caliban. The relationship between Prospero and Caliban suggests that the birth of colonialism was not only due to the exploitative attitudes of the colonizer, but is partly due to the dependency of the natives on the superior others. The Prospero-Caliban relationship resembles Cesaire’s argument about how colonization dehumanizes both the colonizer and the colony. To Prospero, Caliban is like an animal that he could rack with cramps, fill his bone with cramps as well as make him â€Å"roar† that shall make the beasts tremble if he does not obey Prospero’s commands (Shakespeare, I, 2, 369-371). We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of the Prospero-Caliban Relationship on Dehumanization in Colonialism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Here, both the savage treatments and the verb ‘roar’ reflect Prospero’s bestial view of Caliban’s being, embodying Cesaire’s argument about how colonization makes the colonizer get into the habit of seeing and treating other men as animals (Cesaire, p. 41). At the same time, as Cesaire said and as I will argue below, colonization also objectively transforms the colonizer into an animal. If we go back to Caliban’s story of how he first met Prospero and Miranda, we would agree that at the beginning Caliban and Prospero had a relationship similar to father and son. Caliban used to love him and appreciate what he had taught him; â€Å"he (Prospero) made much of me.. Teach me how to name the bigger light.. † (Shakespeare, I, 2, 333 and 335). Caliban had come to trust him so much that he then revealed the richness of the island to Prospero. Heartlessly, Prospero repays all that with persecution. Not only his treatment of Caliban resembles his inhumane personality but even Miranda, his own daughter, is often silenced by Prospero. Although he loves her so much and she is one of his most precious treasures, Prospero does suppress her voice throughout the play. Another example that shows Prospero’s dehumanized characteristic is his mistreatment of Ferdinand. He enslaves Ferdinand and portrays him as a bestial being just like Caliban. Prospero’s ambition to take over the land from Caliban turns him into a ruthless person and the way he treats Caliban, Miranda, and Ferdinan resembles his dehumanized personality. Colonialism not only accustoms the colonizers to see and treat the other men as animals, but it unconsciously transforms them into animals themselves. The way Shakespeare describes Caliban as savage, bestial, deformed, â€Å"howling monster† (Shakespeare, II, 2, 188), â€Å"moon-calf† (Shakespeare, II, 2, 111-112), â€Å"poisonous slave† (Shakespeare, I, 2, 318), â€Å"a born devil† (Shakespeare, IV, 189), and moreover the way Prospero ruthlessly treats him promotes the idea of dehumanization of the colonies. Nonetheless, The Tempest is ambivalent in promoting the idea of colonial enterprise. Caliban’s sufferings encourage the reader to sympathize with him, but that is true only at the beginning of the play. Towards the end, Caliban starts to enslave himself. He decides to make Sebastian his master to replace Prospero. He even declares himself a slave, â€Å"For aye thy footlicker† (Shakespeare, IV, 1, 219) and more surprisingly he refuses to be freed by Prospero at the end of the play. This strongly implies that Shakespeare represents Caliban as a dependent being; giving him the option to live independently yet having him choose to follow and serve Prospero instead. Although The Tempest is ambivalent in promoting the colonial enterprise, it does show resentment toward colonialism by showing how Caliban detests the mistreatment of Prospero. By emphasizing Caliban’s dependency, Shakespeare seems to agree that the birth of colonization was not only due to the exploitative attitudes of the colonizer but in fact was partly due to the dependency of the natives on the superior others. The justification of colonialism is a conviction Shakespeare tries to embed in The Tempest. However, Shakespeare clearly shows that slavery is socially neither an appropriate nor acceptable relationship. Regardless of his dependency on superior others, Caliban dislikes all the inhuman treatment he got from Prospero. This mistreatment not only results in hatred but also leads Caliban to consider killing Prospero.

Angelina Jolie essays

Angelina Jolie essays Imagine life through the eyes of Angelina Jolie. Abandoned at the age of one by her father, her mother was forced to give up her dream of acting to become a full time mom for Angelina and her brother, James Haven. Although Angelina and her father, Jon Voight, still kept in touch, their relationship was very distant and unloving. She claimed not to be able to respect a man who could leave his perfect family life for a career in acting. Being that both her mother, Marcheline Bertrand, and her father were in love with film making, and the theatre, she was forced into this business. Angelina began her career as an actress at the age of five, although her first official screen appearance wasnt until she was seven years old. Can you even imagine starting your future at the early age of five years? After this role she went on to perform in Hackers (where she met her ex-husband Johnny Lee Miller), FoxFire, and Cyborge 2. However she caught the publics eye with George Wallce (in which she won a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress). Follwing this she was awarded another Golden Globe, this time for Best Actress in the made for television film Gia. Next she began working on the film Pushing Tin. Angelina told People magazine I had so much fun working on this movie, everyone was high sprited and ready to produce a best seller. (Jolie, peoplemagazine. com, Angelina Jolie) Next came the most popular movies in the career of Jolie, Playing by Heart, Bone Collector, Girl, Interrupted (at which she was awarded best supporting actress), Gone in 60 seconds, and finally The Yes, Jolie, has a very lengthy list of star roles but her first real dream for the future was to become a funeral director. She told US Weekly: There's som ...

The Origin of Valentine's Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Origin of Valentine's Day - Essay Example For instance, in the Yester years, Valentine’s Day was a liturgical celebration on the early Christian saints called Valentinus. Saint Valentine was profoundly associated with martyrology as he conducted the weddings of many soldiers (Pfatteicher, 86, 2008). The authors’ sentiments depict a chronological flow of events since the inception of Valentine’s Day to the current prevalent trends. I selected the author; Pfatteicher (2008) based on his extensive research hence depicting reliability. The information source is a book, and the author is a researcher by profession. This paper seeks to discuss the origin of valentine day. The Valentine’s Day is profoundly associated with romantic love emanating from the traditional courtly love. This traditional love flourished in the circles of Geoffrey Chaucer who lived in the High middle ages. Ever since the 15th century, Saint Valentine’s Day has evolved into a lover occasion where pleasantries were exchanged. These gifts have ever been meant to signify the intent of love and include flowers, confectionery, and greeting cards. The 19th century gave rise to hand written greeting cards and heart shaped outlines, a winged cupid figure and a dove. It is eminent that Valentine’s Day dates way back into history and is entrenched in the Roman Empire. From these sentiments, I think the author was truth full trying to relay detailed information. The history of Saint Valentine’s Day is shrouded in mystery. The only known facts are as follows; Saint Valentine’s Day has over the years being a romantic celebration. This day also exhumes the vintages of Christians as well as some roman cultural traditions. However, it is still not clear how this Saint Vale ntine came to be associated with an ancient rite that has survived several centuries. The Catholic Church for instance recognizes three Saint Valentines commonly

Kellys (2005) account of Britains trades unions demonstrates that Essay

Kellys (2005) account of Britains trades unions demonstrates that workers in Britain no longer feel the need for the collective representation of their intere - Essay Example A quarter of a century ago almost 75% of the workforce were enrolled as members of a trade union. Presently in the public sector 3 out of every 5 workers are union members and has greater aggregate membership than the private sector where only one employee out of 6 is a union member. Sue Fernie and David Metcalf in their Book "Trade Unions: Resurgence or Demise" 2 (2005) analyses the decline of trade unions and its future prospects. It contains contributions from leading analysts on the labour movement including Richard Freeman, John Kelly, Paul Willman, Howard Gospel, Rebecca Givan, David Marsden, Morris Kleiner and Claus Schnabel. In Chapter 4 of the Book discussing "Social Movement Theory and Union Revitalization in Britain", John Kelly, paints a very gloomy picture on the future prospects of trade union movement in Britain. According to him a stage has reached where workers in Britain no longer feel the need for collective representation of their interests. In this treatise we shall try to understand how relevant Kelly's observations are. The trends over the last two de... Another disturbing trend noticed was the reluctance by the employers to recognise unions as representatives of their employees for collective bargaining. As a result of this unions have not been able to retain their authority at workplaces. It was noticed that with the erosion in their bargaining power there was a drop in the incomes of the unions adversely affecting their vibrancy. Managements started bypassing unions over work models, deployment/ redeployment of labour force, their recruitment and training etc, which were domains where unions had a dominating influence. Unions being circumvented by the managements had an adverse effect on union membership and its influence over the employees. Unhelpful government legislations in the 1980s further eroded union status and employers started taking advantage of the situation. This state of affairs led to another far-reaching trend in workplace disputes. Meaningful two-way dialogue was a recognized form of unions' collective bargaining ethos. Gradually this form of two-way communication started to spillover beyond unions to non-union formats. This form of informal direct two-way dialogue with entities such as problem-solving groups and the statutory works council, etc, started making incursions into other domains of formal two-way dialogues also. It is of interest to note that in the United States under the Wagner Act the union voice is the only permitted form of dialogue for resolution of work place disputes. Countries who have adopted democratic principles of governance for their society accepts only formal employee voice provided by recognised trade unions as an accepted arrangement for workplace dispute resolution. However, in Britain a new approach

Marketing Journal Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Journal - Personal Statement Example It enables me to appreciate the well-crafted marketing strategy of Starbucks instead of just branding it as a specialty coffee retailer focused on bringing cups of coffee in the market. I now see that the success of Starbucks is due to its well orchestrated and comprehensive marketing strategy. It provides that "Starbucks experience" by having good ambiance, good coffee, and good baristas. I would have to say that I appreciate its quest in using green coffee allowing it to help small farmers whose main livelihood is producing organically grown coffee which are consumed by Starbucks clients. I like the company's effort in ensuring that beans are "green" and "ethical" as this add value to their products. As a discriminating customer, I would gladly pay a premium for a product which is manufactured by a socially responsible business organization thinking that I am not just having a good product but is also given the opportunity and reach out to other people through my purchases. I believe that marketing has a good impact in us. ... Marketing is not bad in itself. Marketing just responds to our emerging needs noting that the success of a campaign is dependent on our responsiveness. Thus, I believe the harm that it can inflict on individuals and society is dependent on our acceptance of it. The prevalence of corporate social responsibility as a good way of marketing a business organization is good for the society. As we customers continue to prefer products which are made by socially responsible manufacturers and service providers, we also continue to urge companies to give back to the society that they operate in. The greater participation of companies in livelihood, educational, and financial development of less privileged societies just shows how marketing helps the economy and society as a whole. Through marketing, we get informed of what companies do and how they contribute to sustainable development. For me, the most important issue that companies should focus on in this time is the current economic slowdown. Recognizing that it is affecting all nations both developed and developing, companies should seek to minimize the blow of economic recession by helping in their own ways. This can be done by directly intervening in nations where help is needed. Another is through keeping their workers and focusing on other cost-cutting initiatives. I think it will be illogical to focus on environmental concerns at this present time when our problem is in economic sustenance. I will be very much pleased to see business organizations coordinating with government and other institutions in making the economic recession more bearable for everyone in the globe. This is an urgent matter and a business organization which calls

Leading Strategic Change The Vw Turnaround Management Essay

Leading Strategic Change The Vw Turnaround Management Essay During the 1990s, the Volkswagen Group (VW) which was composed by the Audi, Seat and Skoda brands went through a rough patch. It faced a lot of problems such as high costs, a weak model line up, a decline of 85% in profits and costly differentiations between the groups brands. More specifically, in 1992, VW was in a bad place due to the profits fall, the negative return on sales, the huge sums for fixed costs and the messy accounting system. The following year, the challenges for VW consisted of complains by the customers for high prices, the main plant in Wolfsburg only made profit when the workers were on overtime and the Japanese competitors were becoming a threat by using UK plants to produce similar models at a less expensive price. Moreover, about 30,000 employees were no longer necessary but VW could not fire them because they lived in undeveloped areas, there were high costs as Audi and VW produced a similar engine but no mixing in production was occurring and in the US, the sales from 600,000 units in 1970 went to 50,000 units. Finally, in the Asian market, not including China, VW obtained less than 2% of the market share. In addition, the auto industry was going through its worst recession during the last 30 years. In 1993 Ferdinand Pià «ch took over Dr. Carl Hahn and became Chairman of the Board of Management of the company. From that point on, through his aggressive strategy for entering new markets, consist VW a globalized organization, in-organization changes, modification in the production lines and communication with the employees, managed to transform VW into the first automobile company in its industry. According to Beinhocker (2006) there are two elements which sustain a long term success. The execution of activities and the adaptability of those challenges so as to survive in the future. In his article, The Adaptable Corporation, he states literature where the action of execution is against adapting, meaning that very few organizations manage to achieve both. Beinhocker also mentions research which concludes that short-term achievers are successful but lose their way when there is change in the environment. Piech managed to bring change into VW and adapt it within the organization culture without shifting apart. Changes in markets and technologies, depressions, wars, globalization are barriers which VW overcame and made it to the long run. What is important to note from Beinhocker is the process for change. The author states that most turnarounds are easier and faster achieved when there is a change in management instead of a change in the business model. In the case of VW, not on ly there was a new CEO but there were changes in the strategy. For instance, Pià «ch focused on internationally expanding the company and tried to differentiate the brands of the group without increasing the costs. However, in order to comprehend the successful run of VW, it is important to understand Pià «chs leadership style. Ferdinand Pià «ch is an Austrian engineer, born in 1937 and the grandson of Ferdinand Porsche, the creator of the Volkswagen Beetle, the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK and the Porsche brand. In 1975 he acquired his first job as a manager at Audi. In 1993 he was called to VW and by 2002, when his retirement was planned, transformed it into the first automobile company worldwide, adding brands like Bugatti, Lamborghini and Bentley. It was his belief that the reason VW was going through a crisis in the early 1990s was the lack of preparation and homework by the people working in the company. Pià «chs leadership style has characteristics that consist him a high task oriented person because of his clear vision, his passion, his knowledge and the guidelines he set for his employees. However, he can be attributed the style of a task master as he leaded through fear. He had the respect of his colleagues but on the other hand he was described as a brutal person who wanted to be informed of the smallest detail and that is why he was called freak control. He liked to visit his employees at their working place and pressure them. However, he did not give direct orders and his managers should for example, change the task of 100 people immediately if they suspected Pià «ch wanted to do something in a different way. Pià «ch was never afraid to blame someone for their mistakes. For instance, a problem occurred in Mexico with Golfs launch, not passing certain requirements. He stated that the workers were not to blame but the managers. Ferdinand Pià «ch is a transformational leader. Through the actions he took in VW he has showed that he is able to pass his vision to the individuals around him and create extraordinary performance which will eventually lead to success. He would spend most of his time in the plants talking to employees, pressuring them. He never remained non-committal and his employees thought of him as tough but at the same time very reliable. He had the ability of making people trust him and could motivate them. For instance, he gave the opportunity to his employees to form unions and chose to rearrange the working schedule instead of firing the excess staff. He had charisma as he loved what he did and used the German traditional automobile industry strengths to bring innovation. He understood the market and its demands and using his new strategy he led VW to a transformation to the top. Through his ability to turn words into successful resulted actions, Pià «ch is an authentic leader. When he first took over VW he had self-awareness and market awareness so as to be confident enough to implement his strategy. He followed the steps of his grandfather and combined them with the different time period and the knowledge he had. He could read the environment around him and along with the communication he had with this staff and his colleagues he built a strong organization which succeeds until now. Pià «ch succeeded in his work as a CEO in VW by aligning his strategy according to the environment. The automobile industry is a highly competitive industry which in the early 1990s was going through a financial crisis. The technology was changing every day, the costs were high for creating each model and the consumers were not happy. Pià «ch introduced a new platform manufacturing system which allowed VW to produce same parts for different car brands and most importantly, lower costs. He is also known for his aggressive moves into other markets. In order to sustain a competitive advantage, Pià «ch continued updating the product line and achieved a respectable market share around the world. As Pià «chs leadership style was affected by his childhood and the WWII, he grew up to believe that alliances were a guaranteed strategy for anything you do. Therefore, he acquired other companies such as the Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti. The core competencies of VW after the transformatio n by Pià «ch were the restructuring of the company, its efficiency, the product line, the platform system and its globalization. A key competence in the success run of VW is its employees. As mentioned before, VW estimated of having 30,000 employees who were not needed. Therefore, VW adopted a four day schedule per week and reduced wages by 16% while supporting the unions. VW became an innovator as the labour relations are concerned and aided in reducing unemployment rates. Furthermore, Pià «ch reduced the number of the board members from nine to five and reduced their salaried by 20%. According to the Level 5 Leadership framework by Collins (2005) Pià «ch is a level 4 effective leader. He had passion for what he was working for, he had clear goals and a vision and was able to motivate the individuals around him and lead VW to success. Through the characteristics of his environment one can conclude that even though he has no humility (he had a patriarch, egoistic style), he was committed and very confident for the future. The action logic Pià «ch follows, according to Rooke Torbert (2005) is a combination of the achiever and the strategist. Pià «ch when he started, had a vision for VW and had the capabilities to implement his goals. He was well aware of the market and at the same time he managed to transform the organization into an international, successful company. Pià «chs personality is definitely a driving force for his actions and results. He once said: It was always my goal to lead a bigger company than my grand-father. He was described as a very passionate man who through the cars design and the patriarchal protective approaches he was using to his workforce, wanted to keep his grandfathers memory and style alive. Pià «ch loved technology and cars and had a deep understanding of the customers. However, his fellow executives saw him as an egoist who considered himself the patriarch of VW. It is no surprise, that his personal life is as controversial as his professional one. He is the father of 12 children, who he has limited relationships with, by four different women and was also accused of an affair with his cousins wife. The reality was that in 1992, he was the best candidate for leading VW out of the crisis. He had knowledge of the auto industry, especially the German motor industry with its strengths, disputes and weaknesses. According to Aiken Keller (2006), a leader transforming an organization must have and illustrate a meaning for his actions, inspire people, build loyal and strong teams and be ready for any collision. As a result, a successful turnaround will occur like Pià «ch did with VW. Even though Pià «ch was described by the press, his family and his co-workers as a CEO who led by fear, he was always ready for the future and had the brilliance of steering this delicate network. Ferdinand Pià «ch is not only a successful CEO but he is a leader who managed to turnaround VW and position it at the top of the automobile industry worldwide. In the years between 1993 and 2001 sales reached à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬88.5 billion from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬39.1 billion and an increase of 17% of the international sales occured. It was no surprise when in 1999 he was awarded the prize of Car Executive of the Century. In 2002 he retired from VW but still remains on the board of directors and today, in his 70s, he superv ises the extraordinary legacy he left behind. VWs CEO in the US today is Stefan Jacoby. His strategy is focused around 5 foundations. Local production, the organization, the dealer network, the products and the brand. Jacoby is concentrating on most of the values Pià «ch introduced in 1993 when he first took over VW. However, Pià «ch was following the patriarchal values and style of his grandfather. It is important to adjust the strategic model according to the environments trends. It is a challenge of taking over a successful organizations and trying to keep it at the top with a different leader. To conclude with, it is necessary for VW to grasp on the fundamental values that Pià «ch used to make it successful and at the same time be ready to implement radical changes in case of a crisis.

First Person Narration in Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpap

First Person Narration in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper and Edgar Allen Poe's the Black Cat In "The Yellow Wallpaper" By Charlotte Perkins Gilman and "The Black Cat" By Edgar Allen Poe, two short and sinister stories, 1st person narration is used by both authors to create atmospheric tension and unease. By using 1st person narration, a story told through the eyes of one person present in that story, the authors can get far more intimate and detailed in the individual characters feelings and emotions. This makes it an invaluable style of writing if the readers are intended to empathise with the character. It is controlled voyeurism, peering into another's consciences and seeing the world through their eyes. In the case of baleful stories such as these, this technique can have a great effect on the way atmosphere and tension is created in the story. One advantage of using the first person is so that you can see the logic and reasoning of the main characters, and how they deal with their actions and consequences. For example, In "The Black Cat", Poe uses 1st person narration to try and rationalise the actions of the man in the story; Hearing the reasons coming straight from the mind of the character creates a far more convincing motive than thoughts and actions being described in the 3rd Person. "I took from my waistcoat-pocket a pen-knife, opened it, grasped the poor beast by the throat, and deliberately cut one of its eyes from the socket!" The cool and logical way the character tells the story, attempting to justify his actions and explain his situation, creates a feeling that would not be possible to create in any other narrative. Gilman uses 1st person narration in a very sim... ...n the first person; "FOR the most wild, yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit belief." Insists the narrator, intent on telling us anyway. The voyeur comes into play as we are captivated by this person's tale of woe and misfortune, told in many ways. To look into lives, minds and out through eyes of someone else but you is extremely tempting, even when only offered in writing. Both authors exploit this, but in different ways. In these stories, Poe and Gilman have used The first person narrators to great effect. These particular stories are much more suited to the 1st person than the third, because they all require reasoning and self-justifications that a 3rd person narrator could not provide with the same sincerity. Two very different, but equally dark stories are both set off perfectly by their narrators.

Opposition of the Quraysh to the message of the Prophet Muhammad

Abstract The period that the Prophet Muhammad spent in Mecca is a critical component of the Islam religion. This essay will examine the time with the intention to assess the impact of the elements arrayed against the acceptance of the Prophet. The evidence presented found components in the establishment feared change and loss of power more than any other factor. This study will be of use to any researcher studying this period. 1. Introduction The opposition of the Quraysh to the Prophet Muhammad is a pivotal moment in history that has influenced the manner in which Islam has evolved. This paper will assess the impact of the factors that the opponents to the Prophet used in their opposition Beginning with a brief overview of the Quraysh and their position prior to the appearance of the Prophet Muhammad in Mecca, this work will illustrate the fundaments of the opposition. Following this segment with an examination of the events that took place in Mecca as the Prophet attempted to spread his message will allow for a demonstration of impact. The combination of the first elements will allow for a clear illustration of the significance of the factors that drove those that opposed the Prophet Muhammad in Mecca. In the end this essay will have examined past practice, integration efforts and overall results in order to assess the impact that the opposition of the Quraysh to the message of the Prophet Muhammad in Mecca has had on Islam. 2 Background2.1 The Young Prophet MuhammadThe Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca on the 12th of the lunar mother Rabi’l. It is known that he was of the noble family Quraysh, yet he was not taught to read or write and often tended sheep. His tribe can be traced back to Ishmael, a son of Abraham. It was the high capacity for moral dependability that separated the early Prophet Muhammad from the Ibn Kathir, 2000. The life of the prophet Muhammad : a translation of Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya / translated from the Arabic printed text of Mustafa other traders. During this period Muslims believe he worked and built a sterling reputation based on his integrity, truthfulness and overall dependability. From this recognition to truth and honesty came the youthful title of al-Amin, or the Faithful. From this early age as an emerging merchant, his hatred of idolatry was well known. Further, despite the fact that Mecca was known for their consumption of spirits, the character of the young Prophet was such that not a drop was known to pass his lips. his divine calling.2.2 The QurayshAfter waging a bloody war against the tribe of Jarham, Qasiy, Ibn Kulaab established the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. This fact led to the Quraysh being in a position of considerable influence in Mecca during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. A highly respected family that lived close to the Kabah and were therefore caretakers of Allah’s house was only one of the reasons the population of Mecca revered the Quraysh family so. It was common for virtually any and every request of the Quraysh to be accomplished quickly and thoroughly. The Quraysh maintained two separate major merchandise caravans that travelled through Syria and Yemen, which endeared the clan to the city Mecca and entrenched their power into such that many Arabs would not consider making a move while the family stood against it. Rooting themselves ever more firmly in the fundament of society was the Quraysh role in maintaining the safety of the oppressed which in turn aided their perception of benevolence and wisdom. In a very real sense the Quraysh became rich and powerful by being the very best at trade and safeguarding the house of Allah. With the rejection of Islam by the tribe of Quraysh of Mecca there were virtually no other Arab tribes that were willing to embrace Islam. The world waited upon the city of Mecca to accept or break the Prophet Muhammad. 3 The Quraysh Opposition to the Prophet Muhammad As one of the prominent trading and mercantile houses in Mecca during the period of the Prophet Muhammad, there are several layers to the position of opposition that the Quraysh took against his message. On an economic, social and judicial level the ruling class felt threatened by the emerging form of religion. During the time of the initial emergence of the Prophet, the city of Mecca was enjoying a relative period of peace and prosperity. With the Quraysh firmly in control of the pagans that were drawn to the city for religious purposes, there was a perception of reliance on the income from the trade. As the Prophet Muhammad first emerged and firmly denounced the multitude of Idols and Idolaters in the city, many Muslims felt a sense of impending change. The message of the Prophet was feared to put the traders at odds with one of the strongest sources of income in the area. This dependence on trade was a hallmark of the family Quraysh effort to maintain power and sustain a high leve l of political influence in the region. This factor of trade became a primary component of the family Quraysh resistance to the message of Islam as they sought a means to secure their wealth and status, not endanger them both. This long time power in Mecca had been created from a centre of trade and commerce, which in turn provided the family with reputation for integrity good works. The factor of pride was a central element in the Quraysh repudiation of the Prophet Muhammad and his sacred message. The changes that were sought by the emerging Prophet would have cast a form of aspersion on the forefathers of the family, and that was considered a stain upon their honour and therefore unacceptable. It was the current generation of the family Quraysh intention to follow strictly in the footsteps of their ancestors in order to maintain the propriety of their lineage. This sense of familial obligation was reflected in the Arab culture as each of the prominent families and tribes of the larger group continually competed for power and influence within the structure. A very real fear of the loss of power was at the root of much of the family Quraysh denial of the faith. The birth of such a powerful Prophet would bring respect and honour to his division of the tribe and several internal factions had no wish to follow the sub-tribe to which the Prophet Muhammad belonged. Th is factor alone was enough to generate a substantial amount of negativity form the associated tribes. There were several areas of social responsibility that the Prophet Muhammad taught that were at odds with the administration of the period, which in turn caused even further dissention and denial by the family Quraysh. In every case the emerging message from the rising power was teaching a transformation of the current societal structure, which was very frightening to those in power. Included among the many sections with which the Quraysh family took issue were the equality of tolerance aspects that spoke to the core of humanity and spirituality within the person. The Prophet Muhammad taught that it was right to be both generous and merciful to all, including the weak and destitute. Further, it was of God to show companionship to those that were considered low born and furtive. In a very real way, the Prophet Muhammad was teaching the Muslim population that the Quraysh family was not of true religion and it could be seen in their day to day actions. This fact also contributed to the initial growth of Islam through the lower strata of Meccan society. There was a very real perception that the emerging message was in direct opposition to the entitlement that the Quraysh felt that they had earned throughout the generations. Many historians note the fact that Quraysh were commonly thought to feel themselves as being better, or above, the common person.Therefore the resistance to impose a method of change that ran counter to their entire fundament came naturally. Driving much of the uncertainty surrounding the Prophet Muhammad and his message of Islam was the fear the new method would cause a core breakup of the Meccan society. Not only did the family Quraysh have their material wealth and lifestyle to lose, there were the accompanying political and religious appointments that would be lost as well. This factor of continual loss of the part of the powerful Quraysh family did not provide any path to acceptance.3.1 Methods of OppositionThe Quraysh family took the time to carefully consider and plan their rejection of the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. There was a very real sense that this emerging threat to their power needed to be dealt with in a methodical manner. To this end, the efforts to discredit and vilify the Prophet Muhammad took on new shapes that had never before been utilized. The Quraysh family had influential people close to the Prophet through the ties of familial bonds formally reject his teachings. The element of denial by the family communicated in clear and certain terms that even though the Quraysh were of the same blood as the Prophet Muhammad, they did not speak the same message. This was a cornerstone of the campaign to destroy his message. His closest relative would publicly humiliate the Prophet in an attempt to further discredit not only him, but his message in front of the assembled crowds. Accusing him of lying, the assembled would fling dirt on his face and chest in a display of utter contempt in a show of denial. This was at the hands of those that had previous to his message, held the Prophet Muhammad as one of the most trustworthy and upright of men. The drastic change was in direct response to the threat that the family Quraysh felt his message held for their lifestyle. Another method adopted in order to diminish the acceptance of the Prophet Muhammad rested in the Quraysh painting the teachings as being an innate rejection of their own ancestors. With the cessation of the Al-Lat and he Al-Izza as well as cease seeking assistance from the Jinn, there came a clear division of interest for the Quraysh family which rested their power in tradition. The animosity of the family is further illustrated as they went so far as to reject the ties of kin to the Prophet, despite the fact that he only sought to protect himself from their taunts and fallacies. As the ranks of the Prophet’s followers continued to grow several members of the ruling merchant class turned to money or power as a possible incentive to stop the message of Islam. Despite his being feted by the very richest and most powerful among the ruler of Mecca there was no method to be found for reconciling the emerging religion with the need for power. As each method of assault upon the message of the Prophet was rebuffed, there was a clear perception of building dismay to be seen in the increasingly violent and abusive reactions of the Quraysh family. It became common for the ruling class to maim and torture the lower class in an attempt to sway them from their growing beliefs. There were concerted efforts to take every element of comfort away from those that would refuse to abandon these new and emerging traditions. As a result of the considered and well financed attacks the life of the Prophet Muhammad during this period is cited as extraordinarily hard. With a perception of being a madman and outcast from his own family few people were likely to accept either him or his message. It became common for these disturbances to force the Prophet to run bleeding from his spot, and in turn his message was never fully delivered. As a final method of denial, the Quraysh family sought to turn the very strength of the Prophet, his religion against him. Creating a test of sorts with the added element of the acceptance of Islam is he could answer the questions, the family felt their scholarship would be the true means to discredit the faith. The Muslim belief cites the wisdom of his learning as enabling the Prophet Muhammad able to overcome this test and prove himself. 4 Conclusion The opposition of the Quraysh Family to the teaching of the Prophet Muhammad is a critical lesson in history. With a family that was firmly entrenched, the Quraysh, in power there was an established pattern of expectations in place. As the Prophet Muhammad, a member of this same family, grew to manhood he began to teach that the idols that were prevalent in the city took away from the spiritual purity of the region. This attack on the very cornerstone of regional commerce that the Quraysh family subsisted on was the first round in a very bitter battle to deny the Prophet and all of his teachings. The family Quraysh utilized extreme methods in their desire to mute the Prophet Muhammad. From public familial repudiation, to humiliation and shaming they sought to utterly and completely discredit the Prophet in order to maintain their hold both the commerce and religious establishment of the Meccan society. As the followers of Islam grew in number so did the family Quraysh issues with the calls for equality and tolerance. This fact continued to fuel the animosity of the family against the Prophet Muhammad. This period of life in the Prophet Muhammad is both heroic and demonstrative. Not only did he rise above the petty societal limitations to preach his message, he continued to do this despite his loss of almost everything he held dear. 5 Bibliography Ali, A. Y. 2000. The Holy Qura?n. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd. Ali, M. 1947. The living thoughts of the Prophet Muhammad. London: Cassell. Azzam, L. and Gouverneur, A. 1985. The life of the prophet Muhammad. London: Islamic Texts Society. Basit, A. 2012. The global Muslim community at a crossroads. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. Cohn, J. 2012 Muhammad: Prophet of Islam. New York, NY. Oxford University Press. Hashmi, S. 2003. The Qur’an and tolerance: An interpretive essay on Verse 5: 48. Journal of Human Rights, 2 (1), pp. 81–103. Ibn Hisha?m, ?. A. and Ibn Ish?a?k?, M. 1955. The life of Muhammad. London: Oxford University Press. Ibn Kathir, 2000. The life of the prophet Muhammad : a translation of Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya / translated from the Arabic printed text of Mustafa ‘Abd al-Wahid by Trevor Le Gassick, v. 1 Garnet, 1998-2000, p. 278-310. Mcauliffe, J. D. 2006. The Cambridge companion to the Qur?a?n. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Peters, F. E. 1994. Mecca. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Rahman, F. 1976. Pre-foundations of the Muslim Community in Mecca. Studia Islamica, (43), pp. 5–24. Ramadan, T. 2007. In the footsteps of the prophet. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Rubin, U. 1995. The eye of the beholder. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press. T?abari?. 1988. The history of al-Tabari =. Albany: State University of New York Press. Venardos, A. M. 2009. Handbook of Current Islamic Banking and Finance Issues in South East Asia. Hackensach, NJ [u.a.]: World Scientific Pub Co Inc.

Examine and Analyze the Cause of Crime Essay Example

Examine and Analyze the Cause of Crime Essay Example Examine and Analyze the Cause of Crime Essay Examine and Analyze the Cause of Crime Essay Examine and Analyze the cause of crime Tasha M. Oliver Everest University Online ABSTRACT Analyzing the causes of crime, in the context of a visual task. Biological, Behavioral, and Personality is the way of figuring out why a person becomes a criminal. Using these three theories biological behavioral, and personality will show that when a person is born with certain traits they are born criminals, but my report will also show that using these three theories can not determined if a person is born to be a criminal. Keywords: Analyzing, visual task, figuring out, data, traits. When analyzing the causes of crime I will show how using these three theories biological, psychodynamic, and personality can determined if a person is born a criminal. When a person is born they start out with the biological aspects of there parents, which means that if a parent has been a criminal for his entire life it is more than likely that his unborn child will follow in his fathers path. If you born with a low birth weight due to your mother not staying healthy during her pregnancy. If she was smoking during her pregnancy she is causing you to get less oxygen to your brain which can cause you to be unstable to where your biological balance is broken. That balance is to help you grow to think and make proper choices. Your personality will be effected and because of this inbalance you may be more aggressive toward your peers in your childhood and adult life. That same inbalance will have a big psychological problem to where you cant think straight or have feeling for yourself or others. When an adolescent starts showing criminal traits this adolescent is taking for testing to find out what is causing this type of behavior. In their findings they will see that at birth his/her mother didn’t eat properly or take any kinds of vitamins. Now this adolescent is put into a cagatory as a juvenile delquent with the other delinquents in the same position for example: A child was born on August 9th 1976 his name is Luis R. Ponce jr. , his father was very abusive towards his mother and always in and out of jail. When this child was about 2 yrs old his father abonden his mother and left him without an father. His father was always a problem child and all the way till his adult life which had landed him in jail nuermous times and was also the cause of his death. His fathers past made his future because he followed in is fathers foot steps. As Luis was growing up he was always in trouble either with school or the law. As and adult Luis try to stay straight and narrow but his biological traits from his father he still following on what his father has done. And Luis is catorgized with the same group of males who grow up in single homes with a father who had a criminal background. That’s why an Italian army physician Cesare Lombroso did a study on imates to see what brought them to a life of crime. He felt that the biological make from there parents cause them to become criminals. But it was later said that someone’s biological, psychodynamics, and personality does not determined how a person goes to a life of crime. Because a person is born with a low birth weight or that their mother was smoking during her pregnancy but b

No Need to Justify Our Love

No Need to Justify Our Love Standardization Taking alcohol is a lifestyle (cc). Lifestyle entails many things and is not limited to some aspects of our life.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on No Need to Justify Our Love specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, cycling, becoming a vegetarian, moving out of geographical locality or being gay is also lifestyle choices (xcc). Lifestyle is does not attract interest (cc). Therefore, it happens to be arrogant to refer to gay as mere choice of lifestyle. It should not be disguised in the veil of ‘common sense’ (xcc). Lifestyle is wearing accessories of various design and shape (cc). Been gay is not all that, and should not be labeled as such, as it a show of discrepancy despite the media hullabaloo that centers on the fact about sexual anomalies associated with it. Having a sexual orientation is a birth right (cc). Gay couples should be in a position to have and enjoy the sam e since it is their birth right too (xcc). Some laws are just made to oppress the minority (cc). Gays are a minority in society and the amendment of the marriage act to lock out gay marriages is another attempt at the discrepancy of the minorities, this time gays. Marriages are man and woman unions since the day immemorial (cc). Gays and other same sex associations are and man and woman based and hence they cannot qualify to be marriages. Hence if that is the case they should scraped and should not be allowed t o continue on whatever basis (xcc).Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statistics show an overwhelming support for gay especially in Australia and in the Americas (cc). The government should not shy away from all that support shown everywhere and should live to the expectation of the people and come up with legislation that supports the same (xcc). Amer ica is a big country (cc). Most of the people support the issue of gay marriage. In Australia where the population is quite small in comparison with the American one, gay has seen the light of the government and has been approved. America should embrace the same human rights approach shown by a smaller country and have the right upheld for that section of the minorities (xcc). Counter Considerations The study starts with a sentence alluding to the fact that taking alcohol is a lifestyle choice. The author goes on to enumerate other activities that he also allude being lifestyle choices like cycling a bicycle, becoming a vegetarian or relocating to a seaside. This is a case of counter consideration. The author, having considered the first act as a lifestyle choice, concludes the later can also be the same. The issue of homosexuals is discussed at large; long and unwinding counter considerations for the reader to decipher are used. If buying accessories is a lifestyle issue, and they say that homosexuality is an issue of lifestyle, then the comparison becomes demeaning and rather arrogant and despicable to treat a minority grouping of people. A country like Australia has upheld the rights for gay marriages following studies that have shown greater support for the same. This support is rather vibrant also in the United States and the same ought to be done so as human rights may be seen o manifest itself and unfairness treated with disdain (Fisher and Scriven, 1997). Analogical Arguments The issue of 17 year olds who happened to tie the knot just the other day is a case analogical argument that is normative in nature. If their wedding is stopped as was stopped anyway, they will turn 18 years in a matter of time and that will mean they enter automatically in the right for marriage bracket. However, the issue of gay rights which entails adults older than the two notorious young adults are been curtailed and put on hold. It makes no sense according to the writer. Ma rriages are meant for children and fun in satisfaction brought about by sex. That is true for the gays as much as fun is involved. This is putting into consideration that some marriages bear children while don’t. So people enter into marriage for fun in that case and it is legal. Then why not legalize homosexuality based on simple inductive reasoning?Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on No Need to Justify Our Love specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Deduction and Induction Lifestyle is anything that a person does to enhance his livelihood. Like riding a bicycle and building a house in the south coast to move into. Therefore, Based on inductive and deductive reasoning, choosing sexual orientation ought to be a lifestyle. One can choose to have same sex partner or an opposite sex one. Marriages are also reserved for man and woman. If it involves anyone who happens to come from the same sex orientation, it is not marriage. Is government justified to curtail such marriages? Based on the deductive reasoning approach, it happens that the government, in this case, is right in denying gays that right. Most Australians, however, support the marriage for gay. This is despite been a small country. Almost a similar percentage of Americans support homosexuality. However, the Australian government has enacted laws that govern and uphold gay rights. This is not the case in America. Based on deductive reasoning, it follows that Americans will automatically feel more oppressed considering they are majority. Based on the same concept, the lawmakers in the United States continue to offer very flimsy, if nay, reasons for the failure to enact the supporting legislation for the gay. They engage in innuendos and jumping the gun on that issue. This is a character of fear. They fear been segregated politically. Fear is an operative word and hence in this case it should not apply as it is a case of rights of fello w humans been put on the limelight (Fisher and Scriven, 1997). Inferences and Fallacies There are negative-allusion and positive-allusion arguments. The above case has much of the two that leaves the reader to judge or to decipher. By alluding to the Australian study that gives the issue of gay rights the green light, authors want to point out to the United States government the manner in which it is treading on the human rights of its people. In that way it may warrant the appropriate action from that government and have the right for the gay approved. However, there is a fallacy as United States has not done anything to suggest that it is not upholding human rights. It is considering other groups that form the larger of the country. The word fear is used to refer to the operations of humans. However, in this text case study, it is also used to infer to homosexuality as a fear that tries to evade the ordinary marriages and the responsibilities that come with it. This fear is an inf erence that borders on fallacy and misrepresentation of facts.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Domestic violence is inferred to show the rotting of opposite sex marriages. Although this is a great fallacy in terms of facts, it is an inference that same sex marriages should be given a try as they might be the medicine needed to heal the rot in opposite sex marriages. There is mention of 17 year olds who want to tie the knot but the law goes on to hinder that on age basis. This is an inference to the fact that it is null and void since they will hide and do what married couples do and tie the knot the moment they hit 18 years. Broadly it alludes to the fact that gays may be denied their rights for now to operate openly. However, they will do their thing in hiding until that time they get the required green light from the government of the United States. By saying that the institution of marriage has withstood far greater challenges than a couple of drunkard teens, the author brings to the fore the simplicity of the gay issue. It means that those saying that the institution of m arriage will be compromised are wrong on that front. It has withstood many challenges, and it will also withstand this one. This is great fallacy as the issue is that light. Many an organization has been critical of it and the government is in the forefront in the demonization of it. Conclusion The text combines many critical thinking aspects. The issue discussed is marred by allusions and great fallacies. It also has arguments that are normative and analogical. The issue combines inductive and deductive reasoning that is coupled with conclusions that are for the reader to decipher. It also has notable generalizations that try to create or magnify situations at hand. Reference Fisher, A. Scriven, M. (1997) Critical Thinking: Its Definition and Assessment. United States: Center for Research in Critical Thinking (UK) and Edgepress (US).

Summary of an article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Summary of an article - Essay Example It goes without saying that what has managed to sustain the timeless freshness and utility of StarCraft is a deluge of user generated content. The game software has the provision for a Campaign Editor, which allows the players to contrive varied possibilities, scenarios and modes. The game also has the scope for ambitious ‘total conversions’, thereby leading to a prolific, fan generated content pool, which has indeed played an important role in assuring the longevity of StarCraft. This contributory aspect raises many issues. Though these fan modes extended the relevance and scope of the game, many of these modes were unsuccessful as the tapered down and remained incomplete in the current times. This also turned out to be true in case of many other digital ventures. One big reason behind this drying up of user generated contribution tend to be the issues related to ownership and the tussle between contributions supportive of an open culture and the constraints imposed by proprietary claims over cultural

BOTNETS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

BOTNETS - Essay Example Computers have integrated deeply in our lives and it is due to this fact that the current times can be termed as the technological era. Computers have made life convenient and fast-paced. However, along with the convenience some more things have also been introduced like threat to personal information and intellectual possessions. The invention of internet has aggravated these threats and has given new means for malicious activities. Botnets is one of the newer techniques that is adapted by hackers to gain access to different systems on the network and then perform inappropriate automated tasks through them. The inception of botnets dates back to the days when the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) was very popular among the internet users. IRC is a protocol that has been developed for real time many-to-many communication. IRC consisted of channels and servers on which communication used to take place. Channels used to be operated by channel operators who were in-charge of monitoring the activities on the channels and servers. With the increase of users on IRC, conflicts also increased between the users. The users wanted to gain access to more servers which thereby created conflicts. Some of the users started developing scripts to attempt denial of service and distributed denial of service attacks on the servers to crash them. Crashing the network used to cause refresh of the server and thus assign a new user as the operator. Later, these scripts started being used to target individuals. These malicious activities began the concept of botnets. Bot is defined as malicious software that may be residing on a single computer. It is automated and runs by the command from the IRC server, it makes the computer compromised and a part of a wider network of similar infected systems. Enselmi et al. (2010) stated that this server is also called the Command and Control server and the commands are sent in Command and Control

Comparison of the Form and Style in Things Fall Apart and A Far Cry Essay - 1

Comparison of the Form and Style in Things Fall Apart and A Far Cry from Africa - Essay Example Since the story is that of a warrior, Achebe uses a tone that is martial. At the same time, the tone is also that of a historian who faithfully chronicles the events that happen in a society. The events of this society are shown through a pre-colonial and colonial perspective. The tone of Walcott’s poem, A Far Cry From Africa is different. This is because Walcott writes during a period when there is a consensus on the debates that surround pluralism and nativism, in favor of a pluralistic culture that seeks the integration of a pre-colonial and colonial culture. The agony that Walcott expresses regarding the conflict between his African belonging and the English language in which he is proficient and in which he expresses himself as a writer can be seen in the tone that he adopts in his poem which is that of a lament. These works tilt towards the pluralist cultures that the writers who were a part of the Negritude movement opposed (Ashcroft, 2010). As a result, their tone, eve n though they lament the loss of a culture with the advent of colonization, they express the hope of an integration of African and western cultures. This mixed culture may be said to be a reflection of the identities of these writers, an identity that had been molded through a consciousness of their own racial identity along with western education. Their tone enables them to make clear the racial differences that they aim to highlight through their works. These differences are made clear by talking of the conflict in the value systems that form the societies that Okonkwo lives in, in Things Fall Apart and the duality of the identity of the poet in A Far Cry From Africa. The narrator in Walcott’s poem is unapologetic about this... Comparison of the Form and Style in "Things Fall Apart" and "A Far Cry from Africa" While talking of race differences in their works, they are critical of the western colonizers for their economic policies, but occupy a space that is not entirely divorced from the western education that they have received. As a result their discussion of racial differences is extremely nuanced and complex. They however, have various differences in their tone and style, something that can be attributed to the differences in the historical and geographical context in which these writers produced their work. This paper shall attempt not only a historicist and new historicist mode of analysis, but shall seek to combine it with an analysis of the forms that the writers in question employ in their works of art. Things Fall Apart was one of the first few novels that explored the role of the colonizers in the changes that came in African society. There have been many works of art that have followed this work in the tradition of post-colonial works of art that critique the role of the coloni ser. The conflict that both these writers face is one that is faced by people, who are, according to Frantz Fanon, of mixed identities. Such people cannot turn to either side for support and thus end up feeling like outsiders in their own community. While this enables Achebe to provide his work with the perspective of an outsider, imbuing his work with the tone of a historian, it enables an effective articulation of Walcott’s identity crisis that results from not only a biologically mixed parentage but also a metaphorical one.

The Little Mermaid Essay Example for Free

The Little Mermaid Essay The first reason that I like this story is it is different from many other stories that always provide happy ending. Children are impossible to be innocent; we need to know we will face some difficulties in our daily life. If life looks so perfect, that is not life. And we usually can learn more by sad stories, because sadness or tragedy can uplift people’s greatness. After I read this story, I started to discover people live around me, and there are surely someone cries in the invisible corner. It seems that many adults think a child should not see too much sadness in their childhood, they think child’s life should be filled by happiness, however, no matter in which ages, people do have some upset feelings sometimes, so I think there is not a big problem to give kids read sad tales. To realize more, we can have a good start to grow up, because we have already prepared our mental statement. The second reason that I like this story is this fairy tale concludes a concept about gain and giving up. We are making choice in every moment when we are live in earth, we choose to give up something and to gain something, and the purpose is we try to make our gain more than our lost. In this story, the little mermaid uses her sweet voice to change a magic medicine that can give her human’s legs back from the evil witch. Although she thinks she can catch the prince’s heart, she is wrong and only has a chance to live a short happy time with prince for memory. In our student’s life, we also sacrifice our free time to do some we need to complete first. There is a proverb said that â€Å"One cannot make an omelet without breaking eggs. † There is no possibility that will be a present coming to you for no reason from God; we have to make decisions by ourselves, learn to make better decisions, and give ourselves present by our own. Many fairy tales are talking about the prince saves the princess, but â€Å"The Little Mermaid† is not. The little mermaid saves the prince from getting drown, and she choose to lose her life without killing the prince. We can find out that women are also strong as men, not to her powerful strength, but to her firm mind. When people face difficulties, they usually feel scared, and want to escape for sacrificing. But many examples that show women’s determination, such as some women choose to give up her life to born her baby. So we can realize that women will behave strong, when they have to protect their beloved as men. This kind of concept can give us courage and confidence to do things that we think we cannot do at first, although it is just a story, it encourages kids much. Some adults are worried that give children to read sad fairy tales will make kids feel unhappy, but I think this problem is not so serious. By reading those sad stories, we can have more impressive feeling, and start to think what reasons cause these sad endings. I like â€Å"The Little Mermaid†, it let me learn lessons, such as realizing the life is not perfect, making better choices and believing myself to accomplish my own goals. Maybe we cannot fulfill every wish in our short life, but we have tried to live a better life, like a pretty bubble exists. To this aspect, we will not have regrets.

terror :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many definitions of terrorism. Some of them are: Brain Jenkins said that terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political change. While Walter Lacqueur said that terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve apolitical objective by targeting innocent people. Yet another definition comes from Edward Herman, who said that terrorism should be defined by terms of state repression, such as the corrupt Latin American governments. Still another view of terrorism comes from Alex Schmidt, who said that there is no true or correct definition, because terrorism is an abstract concept with no real presence. A single definition cannot possibly account for all potential uses of the term. The final definition that is covered here is the official definition of terrorism issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. They state that it is the unlawful use of force to intimidate a government to further political or socia l goals. Though these are only a few of the definitions of terrorism, they provide a good cross-section of the term terrorism. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martha Crenshaw said that terrorism means socially and politically unacceptable violence aimed at an innocent target to achieve a psychological effect. She also sited three criteria to make it a terrorist attack. The first is that there must be military methods used. Second there must be a millitary target involved, and finally there must be some chance of victory. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  J. Bowyer Bell stated that there are six types of terrorism, and each part has a purpose. The six are; psychotic which attempts to achieve psychological gratification. The second is criminal witch attempts to profit the terrorist. Next there is the vigilantly type of terrorism witch attempts to achieve retaliation for some act, fourth there is endemic terrorism; witch is an internal struggle of some type. The fifth type of terrorism is authorized terrorism, which deals with state repression of a group. Finally we have revolutionary terrorism, which changes a behavior through fear. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the many types of terrorism, according to Bell, is revolutionary terrorism. Here are some of the forms of revolutionary terrorism. One form is organizational which is meant to maintain discipline in a terrorist group. The next is allegiance which attempts to achieve public support for a given terror group. Thirdly there is functional revolutionary terrorism, which attempts to accomplish the missions of the terror groups. Another form is the proactive type, which incites governments to repression of a group of people.

Saudi Arabian Economy

Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab nation in Middle East Asia; Saudi Arabia has a population of more than 28 million and has an area of approximately 830,000 square miles. And has an oil-based economy with strong government control over major economic activities. Saudi Arabia possesses townie five percent of the world's proven petroleum reserves. When Saudi government signed agreement with standard oil of California (socal), allowing the company to explore Saudi Arabia for oil after a long search for oil that lasted around four years without success, the first success came with the seventh drill site in Dammam city in 1938. The economy of Saudi Arabia, mainly for oil, and hard it has the largest oil reserves in the world, an estimated 264. 2 billion barrels. And occupies the first place as the largest producer and exporter of oil in the world, where it plays a leading role in the organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) to produce twenty nine percent of the total production of OPEC. In addition, the biggest turning point of the Saudi economy is Ghawar, it is by far the largest conventional oil field in the world and approximately sixty percent of all Saudi oil produced between 1948 and 2000 came from Ghawar and fourth largest reserves of natural gas, 240 trillion cubic feet, one third of this reserve is found in the Ghawar field. After explored the oil in Saudi Arabia, it become big change in the economic and government, focused on creation infrastructure, human resources development and non-oil economy, with the development of uplifting other economic activities such as handicrafts, mining and farming. For example, create and operation the cities of Jubal and Yanbu industrial create diversified economy and minimize rely on crude oil revenue Saudi Arabia economy is its response to the rapid economic variables on a global, regional and local levels Proof of this the successive jumps of the Kingdom in the standards world rankings year after year. And the kingdom occupies fourth rank in the â€Å"financial freedom† in the world rankings and has a tax system workbook ranked seventh in the world, one of the best tax systems to spur investment. It is one of the tony five largest economies in the world, which achieved a rank 24, and the largest economy in the Middle East and North Africa.

Strategic Fit of It Service Management

IBM Academy of Technology Academy TechNotes ATN Volume 2, Number 9, 2011 Strategic fit of IT Service Management iven the crucial role that IT (Information Technology) plays in businesses today, IT departments have a significant responsibility to ensure that its value is optimized. IT optimization can be obtained through the adoption of the IT Service Management proposition by IT operations. G Pietro Della Peruta However, IT Service Management concepts and tools are complex changes to introduce to an organization. To achieve the right fit of such concepts and tools it is important that the introduction is congruent with the company’s operating mode. The Company Operating Mode concept was introduced in the seminal work of Nolan and McFarlan on the â€Å"IT Strategic Impact Grid† (Harvard Business Review, October 2005, Information Technology and the Board of DirecTurnaround mode is characStrategic Dependence: Current value of IT on tors). According to the IT terized by the business havbusiness Strategic Impact Grid, ing a low strategic dependHigh companies operate in Low ence on IT which has high four possible modes: strategic impact. Firms in Turnaround Strategic High support, turnaround, facturnaround mode expect a IT Governance Focus IT Governance tory, and strategic. These new system to change their on system s and Governance modes determine the on business business. New systems promapplications Strategic Im pact: services Scope of IT current value IT has for ise major process optimizaFuture value of IT on operations the business (i. e. strategic business tion and service transformaSupport Factory Managem ent dependency) and the tion as well as cost reducBusiness Applications Focus future value IT has for the tion. IT operations are charservice and system m anagem ent m anagem ent business (i. e. strategic acterized by a great attenLow impact). To optimize the tion to efficiency, and they Legenda IT Managem ent Mode value of IT, for each are mostly process driven. Business Focus System Focus Com pany Operating Mode Company Operating Mode, The IT operations focus is on Focus of IT a well-defined level of IT the systems with attention to operations service management (IT IT governance processes (i. e. service management mode) needs to be implemented ITIL). y the IT operation. The IT service management mode is Strategic mode is characterized by IT having high stratecharacterized by the focus of IT operation (i. e. system gic dependence and high strategic impact on the busifocus or business focus) and by the scope of IT operations ness. Firms in this mode require dependable systems and (i. e. management focus or governance focus). When a must exploit emerging technologies to hold their comcompanyâ €™s currently adopted IT management mode petitive position. IT operations are seeking effectiveness does not match the operating mode the company is in, and efficiency. IT operations focus is on managing busithe IT department must modify the way IT services are ness service from a business point of view (effectiveness) managed in order to optimize the value of IT. as well as using a process driven approach to manage Support Mode is characterized by IT having low strategic the IT (efficiency). This means IT governance and business impact on the business which has a low strategic deservice focus. endency on IT. Companies in support mode are least dependent on IT. In this mode systems operate mostly in About the Author: Pietro della Peruta is an Executive IT Archimaintenance mode. Service interruption might not protect, IBM Software Group, a member of the IBM Academy of duce serious consequences. For a company in support Technology, and has 20 years of experience in systems mode, systems and applications are monitored and some availability and p erformance management. est practices exist for recovery from performance and availability problems. IT operations are focused on systems and applications resources, and the scope of operations is management.  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2011 Factory mode is characterized by the business having high strategic dependence on IT which has low strategic impact. Companies in factory mode are more dependent on information technology. If systems fail for a minute or more, there is an immediate loss of business. Increased response time has erious consequences for both internal and external users. IT management in the factory mode is characterized by a high level of effectiveness via tailored control of business service quality. KPIs (key performance indicators) are defined at business level more than at IT level. IT operations have a business focus but still a management scope. In factory mode, the focus of IT operations is more on managing the business services than on the systems or the applications as single entities. For more information please visit the Academy web site.